Home Resources

Resources

Here you find an open-ended list of references that members of the polycentricity network considered useful in their studies of polycentric governance. Sources relate to various fields of the study of polycentricity (networks, multi-level governance, federalism, etc.) and more fields and references should be added.
Readers may wish to start with these collections:

Michael D. McGinnis, ed. (1999) Polycentric Governance and Development: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press

Michael D. McGinnis, ed. (1999) Polycentricity and Local Public Economies: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press

Michael D. McGinnis, ed. (2000) Polycentric Games and Institutions: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press

Daniel H. Cole and Michael D. McGinnis, eds. (2015) Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of Political Economy, Volume 1: Polycentricity in Public Administration and Political Science. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books

Acheson, James M. (2006) “Institutional Failure in Resource Management.” Annual Review of Anthropology. Volume 35, pp. 117-134 [online] doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123238

Ackerman, John (2004) “Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond ‘Exit’ and ‘Voice’.” World Development. Volume 32, Number 3, pp. 447-463

Adger, W. Neil, Katrina Brown, and Emma L. Tompkins (2005) “The Political Economy of Cross-Scale Networks in Resource Co-Management.” Ecology and Society. Volume 10, Nuber 2, Article 9 www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art9

Albin, Peter S. (1998) Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Alexander, Ernest R. (1993) “Interorganizational Coordination: Theory and Practice.” Journal of Planning Literature. Volume 7, Number 4 (May), pp. 328-343

Alexander, Ernest R. (1995) How Organizations Act Together: Interorganizational Coordination in Theory and Practice. Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach

Aligica, Paul Dragos (2006) “Institutional and Stakeholder Mapping: Frameworks for Policy Analysis and Institutional Change.” Public Organization Review. Volume 6, Number 1 (March), pp. 79-90

Aligica, Paul Dragos (2014) Institutional Diversity and Political Economy: The Ostroms and Beyond. New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Aligica, Paul Dragos and Peter J. Boettke (2009) Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development: The Bloomington School. New York, NY: Routledge

Aligica, Paul D. and Vlad Tarko (2012) “Polycentricity: From Polanyi to Ostrom, and Beyond.” Governance. Volume 25, Number 2 (April), pp. 237-262

Aligica, Paul Dragos and Vlad Tarko (2013) “Co-Production, Polycentricity, and Value Heterogeneity: The Ostroms’ Public Choice Institutionalism Revisited.” American Political Science Review. Volume 107, Number 4 (November), pp. 726-741

Anderies, John M., Marco A. Janssen, and Edella Schlager (2016) “Institutions and the Performance of Coupled Infrastructure Systems.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 10, Number 2, pp. 495-516

Andersson, Krister P. and Elinor Ostrom (2008) “Analyzing Decentralized Resource Regimes from a Polycentric Perspective.” Policy Sciences. Volume 41, Number 1 (March), pp. 71-93

Ansell, C. and A. Gash (2008) “Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Volume 18, Number 4, pp. 543-

Armitage, Derek (2008) “Governance and the Commons in a Multi-Level World.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 2, Number 1 (January), pp. 7-32

Armitage, Derek R., Ryan Plummer, Fikret Berkes, Robert I. Arthur, Anthony T. Charles, Iain J. Davidson-Hunt, Alan P. Diduck, Nancy C. Doubleday, Derek S. Johnson, Melissa Marschke, Patrick McConney, Evelyn W. Pinkerton, and Eva K. Wollenberg (2009) “Adaptive Co-Management for Social-Ecological Complexity.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Volume 7, Number 2 (March), pp. 95-102

Axelrod, Robert and Michael D. Cohen (2000) Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier. New York, NY: Basic Books

Bache, Ian and Matthew V. Flinders, eds. (2004) Multi-Level Governance. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press

Bae, Jungah and Richard C. Feiock (2012) “Managing Multiplexity: Coordinating Multiple Services at a Regional Level.” State and Local Government Review. Volume 44, Number 2 (June), pp. 162-168

Baldwin, Elizabeth, Camille Washington-Ottombre, Jampel Dell’Angelo, Daniel Cole, and Tom Evans (2016) “Polycentric Governance and Irrigation Reform in Kenya. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. Volume 29, Number 2 (April), pp. 207-225

Bardach, Eugene (1998) Getting Agencies to Work Together: The Practice and Theory of Managerial Craftsmanship. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution

Bardhan, Pranab (2002) “Decentralization of Governance and Development.” Journal of Economic Perspectives. Volume 16, Number 4 (Autumn), pp. 185-205

Bartley, Tim, Krister Andersson, Pamela Jagger, and Frank van Laerhoven (2008) “The Contribution of Institutional Theories to Explaining Decentralization of Natural Resource Governance.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 21, Number 2, pp. 160-174

Basurto, Xavier (2013) “Linking Multi-Level Governance to Local Common-Pool Resource Theory Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis: Insights from Twenty Years of Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 23, Number 3 (June), pp. 573-587

Batjargal, Bat (2010) “The Effects of Networks’ Structural Holes: Polycentric Institutions, Product Portfolio, and New Venture Growth in China and Russia.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Volume 4, Number 2 (June), pp. 146-163

Batjargal, Bat, Michael A. Hitt, Anne S. Tsui, Jean-Luc Arregle, Justin W. Webb, and Toyah L. Miller (2013) “Institutional Polycentrism, Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks, and New Venture Growth.” Academy of Management Journal. Volume 56, Number 4 (August), pp. 1024-1049

Bednar, Jenna (2004) “Authority Migration in Federations: A Framework for Analysis.” PS: Political Science and Politics. Volume 37, Number 3 (July), pp. 403-408

Bednar, Jenna (2009) The Robust Federation: Principles of Design. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Bensman, J. and A. Vidich (1975) Metropolitan Communities. New York, NY: New Viewpoints

Benz, Arthur (1987) “Regulation and Decentralization.” In Federalism and the Role of the State. Herman Bakvis and William Chandler, eds. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, pp. 127-146

Berardo, Ramiro (2014) “The Evolution of Self-Organizing Communication Networks in High-Risk Social-Ecological Systems.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 8, Number 1 (February), pp. 236-258

Berardo, Ramiro, Tanya Heikkila, and Andrea K. Gerlak (2014) “Interorganizational Engagement in Collaborative Environmental Management: Evidence from the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Volume 24, Number 3 (July), pp. 697-719

Berardo, Ramiro and Mark Lubell (2016) “Understanding What Shapes a Polycentric Governance System.” Public Administration Review. Doi:10.1111/puar.12532

Berardo, Ramiro, Tomas Olivier, and Anthony Lavers (2015) “Focusing Events and Changes in Ecologies of Policy Games: Evidence from the Parana River Delta.” Review of Policy Research. Volume 32, Number 4 (July), pp. 443-464

Berardo, Ramiro and John T. Scholz (2010) “Self-Organizing Policy Networks: Risk, Partner Selection, and Cooperation in Estuaries.” American Journal of Political Science. Volume 54, Number 3 (July), pp. 632-649

Berkes, Fikret (2006) “From Community-Based Resource Management to Complex Systems: The Scale Issue and Marine Commons.” Ecology and Society 11(1): 45 [online] www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art45

Berkes, Fikret (2007) “Community-Based Conservation in a Globalized World.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Volume 104, Number 39 (September 25), pp. 15188-15193

Berkes, Fikret (2009) “Evolution of Co-management: Role of Knowledge Generation, Bridging Organizations and Social Learning.” Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 90, Number 5 (April), pp. 1692-1702

Berkes, Fikret, Johan Colding, and Carl Folke, eds. (2003) Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Berkes, Fikret and Carl Folke, eds. (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Biela, Jan and Annika Hennl (2010) “The Distinct Effects of Federalism and Decentralization on Performance.” In New Directions in Federalism Studies. Jan Erk and Wilfried Swenden, eds. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 157-171

Biermann, Frank (2014) Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Bingham, Lisa Blomgren and Rosemary O’Leary, eds. (2008) Big Ideas in Collaborative Public Management. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe

Bish, Robert (1971) The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas. Chicago, IL: Markham

Bish, Robert and Vincent Ostrom (1973) Understanding Urban Government. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute

Bissix, Glyn and Judith A. Rees (2001) “Can Strategic Ecosystem Management Succeed in Multiagency Environments?” Ecological Applications. Volume 11, Number 2 (April), pp. 570-583

Bixler, R. Patrick, Jampel Dell’Angelo, Orleans Mfune, and Hassan Roba (2015) “The Political Ecology of Participatory Conservation: Institutions and Discourse.” Journal of Political Ecology. Volume 22, pp. 164-182

Black, Julia (2008) “Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy and Accountability in Polycentric Regulatory Regimes.” Regulation & Governance. Volume 2, Number 2 (June), pp. 137-164

Blair, Robert and Christian L. Janousek (2013) “Collaborative Mechanisms in Interlocal Cooperation: A Longitudinal Examination.” State and Local Government Review. Volume 45, Number 4 (December), pp. 268-282

Blom-Hansen, J. (1997) “A New Institutional Perspective on Policy Networks.” Public Administration. Volume 75, pp. 669-693

Bodin, Orjan, Garry Robins, Ryan R.J. McAllister, Angela M. Guerrero, Beatrice Crona, Maria Tengo, and Mark Lubell (2016) “Theorizing Benefits and Constraints in Collaborative Environmental Governance: A Transdiciplinary Social-Ecological Network Approach for Empirical Investigations.” Ecology and Society. Volume 21, Number 1, Article 40

Boettke, Peter J. and Christopher J. Coyne (2005) “Methodological Individualism, Spontaneous Order and the Research Program of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. Volume 57, Number 2 (June), pp. 145-158

Boettke, Peter and Nicholas Snow (2014) “Political Economy and the Science of Association: A Suggested Reconstruction of Public Choice through the Alliance of the Vienna, Virginia, and Bloomington Schools of Political Economy.” Review of Austrian Economics. Volume 27, Number 1, pp. 97-110

Bolleyer, Nicole (2013) “Paradoxes of Self-Coordination in Federal Systems.” In Federal Dynamics: Continuity, Change, and the Varieties of Federalism. Arthur Benz and Jorg Broschek, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 321-340

Bouwen, Rene and Tharsi Taillieu (2004) “Multiparty Collaboration as Social Learning for Interdependence: Developing Relational Knowing for Sustainable Natural Resources Management.” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. Volume 14, Number 3 (May/June), pp. 137-153

Bressers, Hans Th.A. and Kuks (2004) “What Does Governance Mean? From Concept to Elaboration.” In Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance Across Scales. Hans Th.A. Bressers and Walter A Rosenbaum, eds. New York, NY: Praeger

Briffault, Richard (1991) “Home Rule, Majority Rule, and Dillon’s Rule.” Chicago-Kent Law Review. Volume 67, Number 3, pp. 1011-1024

Brock, William A. and Stephen R. Carpenter (2007) “Panaceas and Diversification of Environmental Policy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Volume 104, Number 39 (September 25), pp. 15206-15211

Brondizio, Eduardo S., Elinor Ostrom, and Oran R. Young (2009) “Connectivity and the Governance of Multilevel Social-Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Volume 34, pp. 253-278

Brosius, J. Peter, Anna L. Tsing, and Charles Zerner (1998) “Representing Communities: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 11, Number 2 (March), pp. 157-168

Brown, A. Lee (1981) Rules and Conflict: An Introduction to Political Life and Its Study. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Bulkeley, Harriet (2005) “Reconfiguring Environmental Governance: Towards a Politics of Scales and Networks.” Political Geography. Volume 24, pp. 875-902

Burger, Martijn and Evert Meijers (2012) “Form Follows Function? Linking Morphological and Functional Polycentricity.” Urban Studies. Volume 49, Number 5 (April), pp. 1127-1149

Callebaut, Werner and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, eds. (2005) Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books

Campbell, Allan and Judith Dollenmeyer (1975) “Governance in a Metropolitan Society.” In Metropolitan America. Amos H. Hawley and Vincent Rock, eds. New York, NY: Wiley, pp. 355-396

Campbell, Colin and B. Guy Peters, eds. (1988) Organizing Governance, Governing Organizations. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press

Campbell, Donald T. (1965) “Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution.” In Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory. H.R. Barringer, G.I. Blanksten, and R.W. Mack, eds. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, pp. 19-49

Carlsson, Lars (2000) “Policy Networks as Collective Action.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 28, Number 3, pp. 502-520

Carlsson, Lars and Fikret Berkes (2005) “Co-Management: Concepts and Methodological Implications.” Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 75, Number 1 (April), pp. 65-76

Carlsson, Lars and Annica Sandstrom (2008) “Network Governance of the Commons.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 2, Number 1, pp. 33-54

Carr, Jered B. (2006) “Local Government Autonomy and State Reliance on Special District Governments: A Reassessment.” Political Research Quarterly. Volume 59, Number 3 (September), pp. 481-492

Carr, Jered and Richard Feiock, eds. (2004) City-County Consolidation and Its Alternatives: Reshaping the Local Government Landscape. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe

Carr, Jered and Christopher V. Hawkins (2013) “The Costs of Cooperation: What the Research Tells Us about Managing the Risks of Service Collaborations in the U.S.” State and Local Government Review. Volume 45, Number 4 (December), pp. 224-239

Carroll, C.M. and J.R. Stanfield (2003) “Social Capital, Karl Polanyi, and American Social and Institutional Economics.” Journal of Economic Issues. Volume 37, Number 2, pp. 397-404

Cash, David W., W. Neil Adger, Fikret Birkes, Po Garden, Louis Lebel, Per Olsson, Lowell Pritchard, and Oran Young (2006) “Scale and Cross-Scale Dynamics: Governance and Information in a Multi-Level World.” Ecology and Society. Volume 11, Number 2, Article 8

Castles, Francis (2000) “Federalism, Fiscal Decentralization, and Economic Performance.” In Federalism and Political Performance. Uwe Wachendorfer-Schmidt, ed. New York, NY: Routledge

Chhotray, Vasudha and Gerry Stoker (2009) Governance Theory and Practice: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave/Macmillan

Chisholm, Donald (1989) Coordination Without Hierarchy: Informal Structures in Multiorganizational Systems. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press

Cohen, Alice (2014) “Rescaling Environmental Governance: The Case of Watersheds as Scale-Sensitive Governance?” In Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment. Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer, eds. Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 172-187

Cohen, John M. and Stephen B. Peterson (1996) “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Decentralization.” Development Discussion Paper No. 555. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for International Development

Cole, Daniel H. (2011) “From Global to Polycentric Governance.” Climate Law. Volume 2, pp. 395-

Cole, Daniel (2013) “The Varieties of Comparative Institutional Analysis.” Wisconsin Law Review. Volume 2013, Number 2, pp. 383-409

Cole, Daniel, Graham Epstein, and Michael McGinnis (2014) “Digging Deeper into Hardin’s Pasture: The Complex Institutional Structure of the Tragedy of the Commons.” Journal of Institutional Economics.

Cole, Daniel H. and Michael D. McGinnis, eds. (2015) Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of Political Economy, Volume 2: Resource Governance. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books

Colfer, Carol J. Pierce (2005) The Complex Forest: Communities, Uncertainty, and Adaptive Collaborative Management. Washington, DC: RFF Press

Conway, Ryan (2012) “Ideas for Change: Making Meaning Out of Economic and Institutional Diversity.” In The Wealth of the Commons: A World Beyond Market and State. David Bollier and Silke Helfrich, eds. Amherst, MA: Leveller’s Press, pp. 361-368

Coppedge, Michael and Wolfgang H. Reinicke (1990) “Measuring Polyarchy.” Studies in Comparative International Development. Volume 25, Number 1 (Spring), pp. 51-72

Cox, K.R. (1998) “Spaces of Dependence, Spaces of Engagement and the Politics of Scale, or: Looking for Local Politics.” Political Geography. Volume 16

Cox, Michael, Gwen Arnold, and Sergio Villamayor Tomas (2010) “A Review of Design Principles for Community-Based Natural Resource Management.” Ecology and Society. Volume 15, Number 4, Article 38

Crona, Beatrice I. and John N. Parker (2012) “Learning in Support of Governance: Theories, Methods, and a Framework to Assess How Bridging Organizations Contribute to Adaptive Resource Governance.” Ecology and Society. Volume 17, Number 1, Article 32

Cumming, Graeme S. and John Collier (2005) “Change and Identity in Complex Systems.” Ecology and Society. Volume 10, Number 1, Article 29

Curtis, A, et al. (2014) “The Great Experiment with Devolved NRM Governance: Lessons from Community Engagement in Australia and New Zealand Since the 1980s.” Australasian Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 21, Number 2, pp. 175-199

da Silveira, Andre R. and Keith S. Richards (2013) “The Link Between Polycentrism and Adaptive Capacity in River Basin Governance Systems: Insights from the River Rhine and the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Basin.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Volume 103, Number 2 (March), pp. 319-329

Dahl, Robert A. (1984) “Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale.” Scandinavian Political Studies. Volume 7 (New Series), Number 4, pp. 225-240

Derthick, Martha, ed. (1999) Dilemmas of Scale in America’s Federal Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Dewulf, A., M. Craps, R. Bouwen, T. Taillieu, and Claudia Pahl-Wostl (2005) “Integrated Management of Natural Resources: Dealing with Ambiguous Issues, Multiple Actors and Diverging Frames.” Water Science and Technology. Volume 52, Number 6, pp. 115-124

Disco, Nil and Eda Kranakis, eds. (2013) Cosmopolitan Commons: Sharing Resources and Risks Across Borders. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Donahue, J.D. and Mark A. Pollack (2001) “Centralization and Its Discontents: The Rhythms of Federalism in the United States and the European Union.” In The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and the European Union. Nicolaidis and Howse, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 73-117

Duit, Andreas and Victor Galaz (2008) “Governance and Complexity—Emerging Issues for Governance Theory.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions. Volume 21, Number 3 (July), pp. 311-335

Edelenbos, Jurian and Erik-Hans Klijn (2007) “Trust in Complex Decision-Making Networks: A Theoretical and Empirical Explanation.” Administration and Society. Volume 39, Number 1 (March), pp. 25-50

Emerson, Kirk and Andrea K. Gerlak (2014) “Adaptation in Collaborative Governance Regimes.” Environmental Management. Volume 54, Number 4 (October), pp. 768-781

Emerson, Kirk and Tina Nabatchi (2015) Collaborative Governance Regimes. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Evans, Peter (2004) “Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and the Potentials of Deliberation.” Studies in Comparative Institutional Development. Volume 39, Number 4, pp. 30-52

Fahey, Bridget K. and Sarah B. Pralle (2016) “Governing Complexity: Recent Developments in Environmental Politics and Policy.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 44, Number S1 (May), pp. S28-S49

Fairbrass, Jenny and Andrew Jordan (2004) “Multi-Level Governance and Environmental Policy.” In Multi-Level Governance. Ian Bache and Matthew V. Flinders, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 147-164

Fall, J.J. (2005) Drawing the Line: Nature, Hybridity, and Politics in Transboundary Spaces. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate

Feiock, Richard C., ed. (2004) Metropolitan Governance: Conflict, Competition, and Cooperation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Feiock, Richard C. (2013) “The Institutional Collective Action Framework.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 41, Number 3 (August), pp. 397-425

Filipov, Mikhail, Peter C. Ordeshook, and Olga Shvetsova (2004) Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Folke, Carl, Lowell Pritchard, Jr., Fikret Birkes, Johan Colding, and Uno Svedin (2007) “The Problem of Fit between Ecosystems and Institutions: Ten Years Later.” Ecology and Society. Volume 12, Number 1, Article 30

Foster, John (2006) “Why Is Economics Not a Complex Systems Science? Journal of Economic Issues. Volume 40, Number 4 (December), pp. 1069-1091

Frey, Bruno S. and Reiner Eichenberger (2000) The New Democratic Federalism for Europe: Functional, Overlapping, and Competing Jurisdictions. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Galaz, Victor, Beatrice Crona, Henrik Osterblom, Per Olsson, and Carl Folke (2012) “Polycentric Systems and Interacting Planetary Boundaries—Emerging Governance of Climate Change—Ocean Acidification—Marine Biodoversity.” Ecological Economics. Volume 81 (September), pp. 21-32

Galaz, Victor, Per Olsson, Thomas Hahn, Carl Folke, and Uno Svedin (2008) “The Problem of Fit among Biophysical Systems, Environmental and Resource Regimes, and Broader Governance Systems: Insights and Emerging Challenges.” In Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications and Research Frontiers. Oran R. Young, Leslie A. King, and Heike Schroeder, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 147-186

Gallego-Alvarez, Isabel and Maria Jose Fernandez-Gomez (2016) “Governance, Environmental and Economic Factors: An International Analysis.” Environmental Policy and Governance. Volume 26, Number 1 (Jan./Feb.), pp. 29-44

Gallotti, Riccardo, Mason A. Porter, and Marc Barthelemy (2016) “Lost in Transportation: Information Measures and Cognitive Limits in Multilayer Navigation.” Science Advances. Volume 2, Number 2 (February 19) doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500445

Garmestani, Ahjond S. and Melinda Harm Benson (2013) “A Framework for Resilience-Based Governance of Social-Ecological Systems.” Ecology and Society. Volume 18, Number 1, Article 9

Gehring, Thomas and Sebastian Oberthur (2008) “Interplay: Exploring Institutional Interactions.” In Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications and Research Frontiers. Oran R. Young, Leslie A. King, and Heike Schroeder, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 187-223

Giest, Sarah and Michael Howlett (2014) “Understanding the Pre-Conditions of Commons Governance: The Role of Network Management.” Environmental Science and Policy. Volume 36 (February), pp. 37-47

Green, Nick (2007) “Functional Polycentricity: A Formal Definition in Terms of Social Network Analysis.” Urban Studies. Volume 44, Number 11 (October), pp. 2077-2103

Gruby, Rebecca L. and Xavier Basurto (2014) “Multi-Level Governance for Large Marine Commons: Politics and Polycentricity in Palau’s Protected Area Network.” Environmental Science & Policy. Volume 36 (February), pp. 48-60

Grzeszczak, Robert and Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski, eds. (2012) The Multi-Level and Polycentric European Union. Zurich: Lit-Verlag

Gupta, Joyeeta (2008) “Global Change: Analyzing Scale and Scaling in Environmental Governance.” In Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications and Research Frontiers. Oran R. Young, Leslie A. King, and Heike Schroeder, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 225-258

Hagedorn, Konrad (2008) “Particular Requirements for Institutional Analysis in Nature-Related Sectors.” European Review of Agricultural Economics. Volume 35, Number 3 (September), pp. 357-384 [Note: error corrections for one table and one sentence appear in Volume 35, Number 4.]

Hale, Kathleen (2011) How Information Matters: Networks and Public Policy Innovation. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Hanf, Kenneth and Fritz Scharpf, eds. (1978) Interorganizational Policy Making: Limits to Coordination and Central Control. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications

Hanf, Kenneth and Theo Toonen, eds. (1985) Policy Implementation in Federal and Unitary Systems. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff

Heikkila, Tanya and Andrea K. Gerlak (2005) “The Formation of Large-Scale Collaborative Resource Management Institutions: Clarifying the Roles of Stakeholders, Science and Institutions.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 33, pp. 583-611

Henry, Adam Douglas and Bjorn Vollan (2014) “Networks and the Challenge of Sustainable Development.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Volume 39, pp. 583-610

Hoffman, A.J. and M.J. Ventresca, eds. (2002) Organizations, Policy and the Natural Environment: Institutional and Strategic Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press

Holland, John H. (1995) Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Hollick, Malcolm (1993) “Self-Organizing Systems and Environmental Management.” Environmental Management. Volume 17, Number 5 (September), pp. 621-628

Holling, C.S. (2001) “Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems.” Ecosystems. Volume 4, Number 5 (August), pp. 390-405

Holling, C.S. (2004) “From Complex Regions to Complex Worlds.” Ecology and Society 9(1): 11 [online] www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art11

Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks (2003) “Unraveling the Central State, but How? Types of Multi-Level Governance.” American Political Science Review. Volume 97, Number 2 (May), pp. 233-243

Hult, Karen M. and Charles Walcott (1989) “Organizational Design as Public Policy.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 17, Number 3 (Spring), pp. 469-494

Huntjens, Patrick, Louis Lebel, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Jeff Camkin, Roland Schulze, and Nicole Kranz (2012) “Institutional Design Propositions for the Governance of Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Sector.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 22, Number 1 (February), pp. 67-81

Ingram, Helen M. and S. Ullery (1980) “Policy Innovation and Institutional Fragmentation.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 8, Number 5, pp. 664-682

Innes, Judith E. and David E. Booher (1999) “Consensus Building and Complex Adaptive Systems: A Framework for Evaluating Collaborative Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association. Volume 65, Number 4 (Autumn), pp. 412-423

Jackson, Kenneth T. (1972) “Metropolitan Government versus Suburban Autonomy: Politics on the Crabgrass Frontier.” In Cities in American History. Kenneth Jackson and Stanley Schultz, eds. New York, NY: Knopf

Jackson, Matthew O. (2008) “Representing and Measuring Networks.” In Social and Economic Networks. Matthew O. Jackson, ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 20-53

Janssen, Marco A. (2002) Complexity and Ecosystem Management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Janssen, Marco, John M. Anderies, and Elinor Ostrom (2007) “Robustness of Social-Ecological Systems to Spatial and Temporal Variability.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 20, pp. 307-322

Jordan, Andrew J. (1999) “The Construction of a Multilevel Environmental Governance System.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. Volume 17, pp. 1-17

Jordan, Andrew, Dave Huitema, Mikael Hilden, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner, Jonas, Schoenefeld, Jale Tosun, Johanna Forster, and Elin Boasson (2015) “Emergence of Polycentric Climate Governance and Its Future Prospects.” Nature Climate Change. Volume 5, pp. 977-982, doi:10.1038/nclimate2725

Karkkainen, Bradley C. (2002) “Collaborative Ecosystem Governance: Scale, Complexity, and Dynamism.” Virginia Environmental Law Journal. Volume 21, Number 2, pp. 189-243

Kauffman, Stuart A. (1995) At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Kauneckis, Derek (2013) “Researching Complex Governance Arrangements: The Impact of the Ostrom Legacy on Research Methods and the Analysis of Institutional Design.” IUCN-Policy Matters.

Kauneckis, Derek and Krister Andersson (2009) “Making Decentralization Work: A Cross-National Examination of Local Government and Natural Resource Management in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development. Volume 44, Number 1, pp. 23-46

Kenyon, Daphne A. and John Kincaid, eds. (1991) Competition among States and Local Governments: Efficiency and Equity in American Federalism. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press

Keohane, Robert O. (2001) “Governance in a Partially Globalized World.” American Political Science Review. Volume 95, Number 1 (March), pp. 1-13

Kerber, Wolfgang (2006) “Competition, Knowledge, and Institutions.” Journal of Economic Issues. Volume 40, Number 2 (June), pp. 457-463

Kincaid, John (1996) “Intergovernmental Costs and Coordination in U.S. Environmental Protection.” In Federalism and the Environment: Environmental Policymaking in Australia, Canada, and the United States. K.M. Holland, F.L. Morton, and B. Galligan, eds. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 79-102

King, Loren A. (2004) “Democratic Hopes in the Polycentric City.” The Journal of Politics. Volume 66, Number 1 (February), pp. 203-223

Kiser, Larry L. and Elinor Ostrom (1982) “The Three Worlds of Action: A Metatheoretical Synthesis of Institutional Approaches.” In Strategies of Political Inquiry. Elinor Ostrom, ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 179-222

Kivela, Mikko, Alex Arenas, Marc Barthelemy, James P. Gleeson, Yamir Moreno, and Mason A. Parter (2014) “Multilayer Networks.” Journal of Complex Networks. Volume 2, Number 3 (September), pp. 203-271

Klijn, E.H., F.M. Joop, and Koppenjan (2006) “Institutional Design: Changing Institutional Features of Networks.” Public Management Review. Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 141-160

Knoke, David (1990) Organizing for Collective Action: The Political Economies of Associations. New York, NY: de Gruyter

Knoke, David (1990) Political Networks: The Structural Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Kollman, Ken (2013) Perils of Centralization: Lessons from Church, State, and Corporation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Komesar, Neil K. (1994) Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press

Konisky, David M. and Manuel P. Teodoro (2016) “When Governments Regulate Governments.” American Journal of Political Science. Volume 60, Number 3 (July), pp. 559-574

Koontz, Tomas M., JoAnn Carmin, Toddi Steelman, and Craig Thomas (2004) Collaborative Environmental Management: What Roles for Government? Washington, DC: RFF Press

Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2010) “Exit, Collective Action and Polycentric Political Systems.” Public Choice. Volume 143, Numbers 3/4, pp. 339-352

Kuyper, Adrian (1970) “Intergovernmental Cooperation: An Analysis of the Lakewood Plan.” Georgetown Law Journal. Volume 58, Numbers 4 and 5 (March May), pp. 777 798

Lachapelle, Paul R., Stephen F. McCool, and Michael E. Patterson (2003) “Barriers to Effective Natural Resource Planning in a ‘Messy’ World.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 16, Number 6, pp. 473-490

Lamont, Michele and Virag Molnar (2002) “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology. Volume 28, pp. 167-195

Landau, Martin (1985) On Multi-organizational Systems in the Public Administration. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press

Landy, Marc and Steven M. Teles (2001) “Beyond Devolution: From Subsidiarity to Mutuality.” In The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and the European Union. Kalypso Nicolaidis and Robert Howse, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 413-426

Larsson, Jesper (2014) “Boundaries and Property Rights: The Transformation of a Common-Pool Resource.” Agricultural History Review. Volume 62, Number 1, pp. 40-60

Lebel, Louis, Po Garden, and Masao Imamura (2005) “The Politics of Scale, Position, and Place in the Governance of Water Resources in the Mekong Region.” Ecology and Society 10(2): 18. [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss2/art18

Leeson, Peter T. (2014) Anarchy Unbound: Why Self-Governance Works Better than You Think. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Lejano, Raul P., Helen M. Ingram, John M. Whiteley, Daniel Torres, and Sharon J. Agduma (2007) “The Importance of Context: Integrating Resource Conservation with Local Institutions.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 20, Number 2 (February), pp. 177-185

Leland, Suzanne M. and Kurt Thurmaier, eds. (2004) Case Studies of City-County Consolidation: Reshaping the Local Government Landscape. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe

Leland, Suzanne M. and Kurt Thurmaier, eds. (2010) City-County Consolidation: Promises Made, Promises Kept? Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Levin, Simon (1999) Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons. Reading, MA: Perseus Books

Lichtenstein, Benyamin B., Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion, Anson Seers, James Douglas Orton, and Craig Schreiber (2006) “Complexity Leadership Theory: An Interactive Perspective on Leading in Complex Adaptive Systems.” E-CO Journal. Volume 8, Number 4, pp. 2-12

Liu, J. et al. (2007) “Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems.” Science. Volume 317, pp. 1513-1516

Low, Bobbi, Elinor Ostrom, Carl Simon, and James Wilson (2003) “Redundancy and Diversity: Do They Influence Optimal Management?” In Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change. Fikret Berkes, Johan Colding, and Carl Folke, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 83-114

Lowery, David and William E. Lyons (1989) “The Impact of Jurisdictional Boundaries: An Individual Level Test of the Tiebout Model.” The Journal of Politics. Volume 51, Number 1 (February), pp. 73 97

Lowndes, Vivian and Chris Skelcher (1998) “The Dynamics of Multi-Organizational Partnerships: An Analysis of Changing Modes of Governance.” Public Administration. Volume 76, Number 2 (Summer), pp. 313-333

Lubell, Mark (2004) “Collaborative Environmental Institutions: All Talk and No Action?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Volume 23, Number 3, pp. 549-573

Lubell, Mark (2013) “Governing Institutional Complexity: The Ecology of Games Framework.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 41, Number 3 (August), pp. 537-559

Lubell, Mark, Adam Douglas Henry, and Mike McCoy (2010) “Collaborative Institutions in an Ecology of Games.” American Journal of Political Science. Volume 54, Number 2 (April), pp. 287-300

Lubell, Mark, Adam Douglas Henry, and Mike McCoy (2010) “Institutional Collection Action in an Ecology of Games.” In Self-Organizing Federalism: Collaborative Mechanisms to Mitigate Institutional Collective Action Dilemmas. Richard C. Feiock and John T. Scholz, eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 229-260

Lubell, Mark, Garry Robins, and Peng Wang (2014) “Network Structure and Institutional Complexity in an Ecology of Water Management Games.” Ecology and Society. Volume 19, Number 4, Article 23

Lynn, Lawrence E., Carolyn J. Heinrich, and Carolyn J. Hill (2000) The Empirical Study of Governance: Theories, Models, and Methods. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Lynn, Lawrence E., Carolyn J. Heinrich, and Carolyn J. Hill (2000) “Studying Governance and Public Management: Challenges and Prospects.” Journal of Public Administration and Theory. Volume 10 (April), pp. 233-261

Mabbett, Deborah and Helen Boldeson (1999) “Devolved Social Security Systems: Principal-Agent versus Multi-Level Governance.” Journal of Public Policy. Volume 18, Number 2 (May), pp. 177-

Machado, Nora and Tom R. Burns (1998) “Complex Social Organization: Multiple Organizing Modes, Structural Incongruence, and Mechanisms of Integration.” Public Administration. Volume 76, Number 2 (Summer), pp. 355-385

Manfredo, Michael J., Jerry J. Vaske, Andreas Rechkemmer, and Esther A. Duke, eds. (2014) Understanding Society and Natural Resources: Forging New Strands of Integration Across the Social Sciences. Berlin: Springer

Marks, Gary and Liesbet Hooghe (2004) “Contrasting Visions of Multi-Level Governance.” In Multi-Level Governance. Ian Bache and Matthew V. Flinders, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 15-30

Marshall, Graham R. (2005) Economics for Collaborative Environmental Management: Renegotiating the Commons. London, UK: Earthscan

Marshall, Graham R. (2008) “Nesting, Subsidiarity, and Community-Based Environmental Governance Beyond the Local Level.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 2, Number 1 (January), pp. 75-97

Marshall, Graham R. (2009) “Polycentricity, Reciprocity, and Farmer Adoption of Conservation Practices under Community-Based Governance.” Ecological Economics. Volume 68, Number 5, pp. 1507-1520

McGinnis, Michael D (2011) “An Introduction to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 39, Number 1 (February), pp. 169-182

McGinnis, Michael D. and Elinor Ostrom (2012) “Reflections on Vincent Ostrom, Public Administration, and Polycentricity.” Public Administration Review. Volume 72, Number 1 (Jan/Feb), pp. 15-25

McGinnis, Michael D. and James M. Walker (2010) “Foundations of the Ostrom Workshop: Institutional Analysis, Polycentricity, and Self-Governance of the Commons.” Public Choice. Volume 143, Numbers 3&4 (June), pp. 293-301

McKean, Margaret A. (1992) “Success on the Commons: A Comparative Examination of Institutions for Common Property Resource Management.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. Volume 4, pp. 247-281

McKinney, Matthew J. and Shawn Johnson (2009) Working across Boundaries: People, Nature, and Regions. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy

Meadowcroft, James (2002) “Politics and Scale: Some Implications for Environmental Governance.” Landscape and Urban Planning. Volume 61, Numbers 2-4, pp. 169-179

Meadowcroft, James (2007) “Who Is In Charge Here? Governance for Sustainable Development in a Complex World.” Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning. Volume 9, Numbers 3-4 (September-December), pp. 299-314

Meagher, P. and M. Kimenyi (2004) Devolution and Development: Governance Prospects in Decentralizing States. London, UK: Ashgate

Meijers, Evert (2007) Synergy in Polycentric Urban Regions: Complementarity, Organising Capacity and Critical Mass. Amsterdam: IOS Press

Miller, Gary (1981) Cities by Contract: The Politics of Municipal Incorporation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Miller, Gary J. (1992) Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Milward, H. Brinton and Keith G. Provan (1998) “Measuring Network Structure.” Public Administration. Volume 76, Number 2 (Summer), pp. 387-407

Mizruchi, Mark S. (1992) The Structure of Political Action: Interfirm Relations and Their Consequences. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Moe, Terry (1990) “Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. Volume 6, pp. 213 254

Moe, Terry M. (1991) “Politics and the Theory of Organization.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization. Volume 7 (Special Issue), pp. 106-129

Moe, Terry M. (2005) “Power and Political Institutions.” Perspectives on Politics. Volume 3, Number 2 (June), pp. 215-233

Morgan, David R. and Michael W. Hirlinger (1991) “Intergovernmental Service Contracts: A Multivariate Explanation.” Urban Affairs Quarterly. Volume 27 (September), pp. 128 144

Moss, R.H. and M.A. Lane (2012) “Decision-making, Transitions, and Resilient Futures.” Issues in Science & Technology. (Summer), pp. 31-34

Nagendra, Harini and Elinor Ostrom (2012) “Polycentric Governance of Multifunctional Forested Landscapes.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 6, Number 2 (August), pp. 104-133

Newell, Allen and Herbert Simon (1972) Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Newell, Peter, Philipp Pattberg, and Heike Schroeder (2012) “Multiactor Governance and the Environment.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Volume 37, pp. 365-387

Nicolaidis, Kalypso and Robert Howse (2002) The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the US and EU. New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Norberg, Jon and Graeme S. Cumming, eds. (2008) Complexity Theory for a Sustainable Future. New York, NY: Columbia University Press

Norgaard, Richard, Giorgos Kallis, and Michael Kiparsky (2009) “Collectively Engaging Complex Socio-Ecological Systems: Re-envisioning Science, Governance, and the California Delta.” Environmental Science and Policy. Volume 12, Number 6 (October), pp. 644-652

O’Toole, Laurence J., Jr. (1993) “Interorganizational Policy Studies: Lessons Drawn from Implementation Research.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Volume 3, Number 2, pp. 232-251

Oakerson, Ronald J. (1999) Governing Local Public Economies: Creating the Civic Metropolis. Oakland, CA: ICS Press

Oakerson, Ronald and Roger Parks (1988) “Citizen Voice and Public Entrepreneurship: The Organizational Dynamic of a Complex Metropolitan County.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism. Volume 18, pp. 91-112

Oakerson, Ronald J. and Roger B. Parks (2011) “The Study of Local Public Economies: Multi-Organizational, Multi-Level Institutional Analysis and Development.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 39, Number 1 (February), pp. 147-167

Oates, Wallace E. and Robert Schwab (1988) “Economic Competition among Jurisdictions: Efficiency-Enhancing or Distortion-Inducing?” Journal of Public Economics. Volume 35, pp. 333-354

Olsson, Lennart, Anne Jerneck, Henrik Thoren, Johannes Persson, and David O’Byrne (2015) “Why Resilience Is Unappealing to Social Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations of the Scientific Use of Resilience.” Science Advances. Volume 1, Number 4 (May 22), doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400217

Olsson, Per, Karl Folke, and Fikret Berkes (2004) “Adaptive Comanagement for Building Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems.” Environmental Management. Volume 35, pp. 75-90

Orbell, John M. and Toru Uno (1972) “A Theory of Neighborhood Problem Solving: Political Action v. Residential Mobility.” American Political Science Review. Volume 66, Number 2 (June), pp. 471 489

Ostrom, Elinor (1972) “Metropolitan Reform: Propositions Derived from Two Traditions.” Social Science Quarterly. Volume 53, pp. 474-493

Ostrom, Elinor (1986) “Multiorganizational Arrangements and Coordination: An Application of Institutional Analysis.” In Guidance, Control, and Evaluation in the Public Sector. F.X. Kaufmann, G. Majone, and V. Ostrom, eds. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 495-510

Ostrom, Elinor (1994) “Self-Organizing Resource Regimes: A Brief Report on a Decade of Policy Analysis.” Policy Currents. Volume 4, Number 3 (August), p. 1+

Ostrom, Elinor (1995) “Designing Complexity to Govern Complexity.” In Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues. Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe, eds. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 33-45

Ostrom, Elinor (1998) “Scale, Polycentricity, and Incentives: Designing Complexity to Govern Complexity.” In Protection of Global Biodiversity: Converging Strategies. Lakshman D. Guruswamy and Jeffrey A. McNeely, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 149-167

Ostrom, Elinor (1999) “Polycentricity, Complexity, and the Commons.” The Good Society. Volume 9, Number 2, pp. 37-41

Ostrom, Elinor (2001) “Vulnerability and Polycentric Governance Systems.” Newsletter of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. Number 3, 3 pp.

Ostrom, Elinor (2005) Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Ostrom, Elinor (2008) “Polycentric Systems as One Approach for Solving Collective-Action Problems.” Working Paper W08-6. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis

Ostrom, Elinor (2010) “Polycentric Systems for Coping with Collective Action and Global Environmental Change.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 20, Number 4 (October), pp. 550-557

Ostrom, Elinor (2011) “Reflections on ‘Some Unsettled Problems of Irrigation’.” American Economic Review. Volume 101, Number 1 (February), pp. 49-63

Ostrom, Elinor (2012) “Polycentric Systems: Multilevel Governance Involving a Diversity of Organizations.” In Global Environmental Commons: Analytical and Political Challenges. Eric Brousseau, Tom Dedeurwaerdere, Pierre-Andre Jouvet, and Marc Willinger, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 105-125

Ostrom, Elinor and Roger Parks (1973) “Suburban Police Departments: Too Many and Too Small?” In The Urbanization of the Suburbs. Louis Masotti and Jeffrey K. Hadden, eds. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 367-402

Ostrom, Elinor, Roger B. Parks, and Gordon P. Whitaker (1974) “Defining and Measuring Structural Variations in Interorganizational Arrangements.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism. Volume 4, Number 4 (Autumn), pp. 87-108

Ostrom, Vincent (1953) “State Administration of Natural Resources in the West.” American Political Science Review. Volume 47, Number 2 (June), pp. 478-493

Ostrom, Vincent (1964) “Property, Proprietorship and Politics: Law and the Structure of Strategic Opportunities in the California Water Industry.” Reprint No. 47. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future

Ostrom, Vincent (1969) “Operational Federalism: Organization for the Provision of Services in the American Federal System.” Public Choice. Volume 6 (Spring), pp. 1 17

Ostrom, Vincent (1985) “Multiorganizational Arrangements in the Governance of Unitary and Federal Political Systems.” In Policy Implementation in Federal and Unitary Systems. Kenneth Hans and Theo A.J. Toonen, eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 1-16

Ostrom, Vincent, Robert Bish, and Elinor Ostrom (1988) Local Government in the United States. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press

Ostrom, Vincent, Charles M. Tiebout, and Robert Warren (1961) “The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry.” American Political Science Review. Volume 55, Number 4 (December), pp. 831-842

Paavola, Jouni (2016) “Multi-Level Environmental Governance: Exploring the Economic Explanations.” Environmental Policy and Governance. Volume 26, Number 3 (May/June), pp. 143-154

Paavola, Jouni and W. Neil Adger (2005) “Institutional Ecological Economics.” Ecological Economics. Volume 53, Number 3 (May), pp. 353-368

Padt, Frans and Bas Arts (2014) “Concepts of Scale.” In Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment. Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer, eds. Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-16

Padt, Frans, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer (2014) “Synthesis and Perspectives for a New Field.” In Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment. Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer, eds. Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 302-317

Page, Scott E. (2011) Diversity and Complexity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Pahl-Wostl, Claudia (1995) The Dynamic Nature of Ecosystems: Chaos and Order Entwined. Chichester, UK: Wiley

Pahl-Wostl, Claudia (2007) “The Implications of Complexity for Integrated Resources Management.” Environmental Modelling and Software. Volume 22, Number 5 (May), pp. 561-569

Pahl-Wostl, Claudia (2009) “A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Adaptive Capacity and Multi-Level Learning Processes in Resource Management Regimes.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 19, pp. 354-365

Pahl-Wostl, Claudia and Christian Knieper (2014) “The Capacity of Water Governance to Deal with the Climate Change Adaptation Challenge: Using Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Distinguish between Polycentric, Fragmented, and Centralized Regimes.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 29 (November), pp. 139-154

Pahl-Wostl, Claudia, Louis Lebel, Christian Knieper, and Elena Kikitina (2012) “From Applying Panaceas to Mastering Complexity: Toward Adaptive Water Governance in River Basins.” Environmental Science and Policy. Volume 23 (November), pp. 24-34

Palermo, Francesco and Elisabeth Alber, eds. (2015) Federalism as Decision-Making: Changes in Structures, Procedures and Policies. Nijhoff, The Netherlands: Brill

Papadopoulos, Yannis (2007) “Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multi-Level Governance.” European Law Journal. Volume 13, Number 4 (July), pp. 469-486

Parks, Roger and Ronald Oakerson (1989) “Metropolitan Organization and Governance: A Local Public Economy Approach.” Urban Affairs Quarterly. Volume 25 (September), pp. 18 29

Parks, Roger B. and Ronald J. Oakerson (2000) “Regionalism, Localism, and Metropolitan Governance: Suggestions from the Research Program on Local Public Economies.” State and Local Government Review. Volume 32, Number 3 (Autumn), pp. 169-179

Perez, Irene and Marco A. Janssen (2015) “The Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity and Mobility on the Performance of Social-Ecological Systems.” Ecological Modelling. Volume 296, pp. 1-11

Perrow, Charles (1986) Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay. Third Edition. New York, NY: Random House

Peters, B. Guy (2011) “Managing Horizontal Government: The Politics of Co-ordination.” Public Administration. Volume 76, Number 2 (Summer), pp. 295-311

Peters, B. Guy (2013) “Toward Policy Coordination: Alternatives to Hierarchy.” Policy & Politics. Volume 41, Number 4, pp. 569-584

Peters, B. Guy (2015) Pursuing Horizontal Management: The Politics of Public Sector Coordination. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas

Pingree, Raymond J. (2006) “Decision Structure and the Problem of Scale in Deliberation.” Communication Theory. Volume 16, Number 2 (May), pp. 198-222

Plummer, Ryan (2006) “Sharing the Management of a River Corridor: A Case Study of the Comanagement Process.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 19, Number 8 (September), pp. 709-721

Plummer, Ryan and Derek Armitage (2007) “A Resilience-Based Framework for Evaluating Adaptive Co-Management: Linking Ecology, Economics and Society in a Complex World.” Ecological Economics. Volume 61, Number 1, pp. 62-74

Polman, Nico, Arianne de Blaeij, and Maja Slingerland (2014) “Knowledge of Competing Claims on Natural Resources: Toward Institutional Design and Integrative Negotiations.” In Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment. Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer, eds. Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 56-72

Pontusson, Jonas (1995) “From Comparative Public Policy to Political Economy: Putting Political Institutions in their Place and Taking Interests Seriously.” Comparative Political Studies. Volume 28, Number 1 (April), pp. 117-147

Poteete, Amy (2012) “Levels, Scales, Linkages, and Other ‘Multiples’ Affecting Natural Resources.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 6, Number 2 (August), pp. 134-150

Priest, George L. (1977) “The Common Law Process and Selection of Efficient Rules.” Journal of Legal Studies. Volume 6 (January), pp. 65 82

Prigogine, I. and I. Stengers (1984) Order Out of Chaos. New York, NY: Bantam Books

Raiffa, H., J. Richardson, and D. Metcalfe (2002) Negotiation Analysis: The Science and Art of Collaborative Decision Making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Randhir, Timothy O. (2016) “Globalization Impacts on Local Commons: Multiscale Strategies for Socioeconomic and Ecological Resilience.” International Journal of the Commons. Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 387-404

Randolph, John and Michael Bauer (1999) “Improving Environmental Decision-Making through Collaborative Methods.” Policy Studies Review. Volume 16, Numbers 3 & 4 (Fall/Winter), pp. 168-191

Raymond, Leigh (2006) “Cooperation without Trust: Overcoming Collective Action Barriers to Endangered Species Protection.” Policy Studies Journal. Volume 34, Number 1, pp. 37-57

Rayner, Tim and Andrew Jordan (2013) “The European Union: The Polycentric Climate Policy Leader?” WIRes Climate Change. Volume 4, Number 2 (March/April), pp. 75-90

Razo, Armando (2010) “Polycentric Orders and the Governance of Public Economies.” Transnational Corporations Review. Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 17-34

Richey, Sean (2014) The Social Basis of the Rational Citizen: How Political Communication in Social Networks Improves Civic Competence. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books

Roberts, Nancy C. (1992) “Public Entrepreneurship and Innovation.” Policy Studies Review. Volume 11, Number 1 (Spring), pp. 55-74

Sabetti, Filippo and Paul Dragos Aligica, eds. (2014) Choice, Rules and Collective Action: The Ostroms on the Study of Institutions and Governance. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press

Sarker, Ashutosh (2014) “Federated Rural Organizations for Governing the Commons in Japan.” Journal of Rural Studies. Volume 36, pp. 42-51

Sarker, Ashutosh, Tadao Itoh, Ryohei Kada, Takaki Abe, Masahiro Nakashima, and Gamini Herath (2014) “User Self-Governance in a Complex Policy Design for Managing Water Commons in Japan.” Journal of Hydrology. Volume 510 (March), pp. 246-258

Sawyer, R. Keith (2005) Social Emergence: Societies as Complex Systems. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Scharpf, Fritz W. (1978) “Interorganizational Policy Studies: Issues, Concepts and Perspectives.” In Interorganizational Policy Making: Limits to Coordination and Central Control. Kenneth Hanf and Fritz Scharpf, eds. London, UK: Sage Publications, pp. 345-370

Scharpf, Fritz W., ed. (1993) Games in Hierarchies and Networks. London, UK: Westview Press

Scharpf, Fritz W. (1997) “Introduction: The Problem-Solving Capacity of Multi-Level Governance.” Journal of European Public Policy. Volume 4, Number 4 (December), pp. 520-538

Schlager, Edella and Elinor Ostrom (1992) “Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis.” Land Economics. Volume 68, Number 3 (August), pp. 249-262

Schneider, Mark and Paul Teske (1992) “Toward a Theory of the Political Entrepreneur: Evidence from Local Government.” American Political Science Review. Volume 86, Number 3 (September), pp. 737-747

Schneider, Mark, Paul Teske, and Michael Mintrom (1995) Public Entrepreneurs: Agents for Change in American Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Schoon, Michael L. and A.Y. York (2011) “Cooperation across Boundaries: The Role of Political Entrepreneurs in Environmental Collaboration.” Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research. Volume 3, Number 2, pp. 113-123

Sharpe, L.J. (1985) “Central Coordination and the Policy Networks.” Political Studies. Volume 33, pp. 361-381

Simon, Herbert A. (2000) “Public Administration in Today’s World of Organizations and Markets.” PS: Political Science and Politics. Volume 33, Number 4 (December), pp. 749-756

Skelcher, Chris (2005) “Jurisdictional Integrity, Polycentrism, and Democratic Governance.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions. Volume 18, Number 1 (January), pp. 89-110

Smith, Patrick D. and Maureen H. McDonough (2001) “Beyond Public Participation: Fairness in Natural Resource Decision-Making.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 14, pp. 239-249

Sole, R.V. and J. Bascompte (2006) Self-Organization and Complex Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2011) “An International Comparison of Four Polycentric Approaches to Climate and Energy Governance.” Energy Policy. Volume 39, Number 6 (June), pp. 3832-3844

Steelman, Toddi A. (2010) Implementing Innovation: Fostering Enduring Change in Environmental and Natural Resource Governance. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press

Taylor, Michael (1987) The Possibility of Cooperation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Taylor, Michael (1998) “Governing Natural Resources.” Society and Natural Resources. Volume 11, Number 3 (April/May), pp. 251-258

Taylor, Michael and Sara Singleton (1993) “The Communal Resource: Transaction Costs and the Solution of Collective Action.” Politics and Society. Volume 21, pp. 195-214

Teisman, Geert, Arwin van Buuren, and Lasse M. Gerrits, eds. (2009) Managing Complex Governance Systems: Dynamics, Self-Organization, and Coevolution in Public Investments. New York, NY: Routledge

Termeer, Catrien and Art Dewulf (2014) “Scale-Sensitivity as a Governance Capability: Observing, Acting, and Enabling.” In Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment. Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman, and Catrien Termeer, eds. Oxford, UK, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 38-55

Termeer, C., A. Dewulf, and M. Van Lieshout (2010) “Disentangling Scale Approaches in Governance Research: Comparing Monocentric, Multilevel, and Adaptive Governance.” Ecology and Society. Volume 15, Number 4

Thompson, Grahame (2003) Between Hierarchies and Markets: The Logic and Limits of Network Forms of Organization. New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Tsebelis, George (2000) “Veto Players and Institutional Analysis.” Governance. Volume 13, Number 4, pp. 441-474

Tsebelis, George (2002) Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Uhl-Bien, Mary, Russ Marion, and Bill McKelvey (2007) “Complexity Leadership Theory: Shifting Leadership from the Industrial Age to the Knowledge Era.” The Leadership Quarterly. Volume 18, Number 4 (August), pp. 298-318

van Zeben, Josephine A.W. (2013) “Research Agenda for a Polycentric European Union.” Working Paper No. W13-13. Bloomington, IN: Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis

van Zeben, Josephine A.W. (2014) “A ‘Bottom-Up’ Perspective on EU-US Relations: The Role and Potential of Sub-Central Authorities.” In A Transatlantic Community of Law: Legal Perspectives on the Relationship between the EU and US Legal Orders. Elaine Fahey and Deirdre Curtin, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 102-129

van Zeben, Josephine A.W. (2014) “Subsidiarity in EU Environmental Law: A Competence Allocation Approach.” Harvard Environmental Law Review. Volume 38, Number 2, pp. 415-464

Vatn, Arild (2005) Institutions and the Environment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar

Walker, David (1987) “Snow White and the 17 Dwarfs: From Metro Cooperation to Governance.” National Civic Review. Volume 76 (Jan./Feb.), pp. 14-28

Wall, Derek (2014) The Sustainable Economics of Elinor Ostrom: Commons, Contestation and Craft. New York, NY: Routledge

Walter, Benjamin and Frederick M. Wirt (1970) “The Political Consequences of Suburban Variety.” Social Science Quarterly. Volume 2, pp. 746-767

Walti, Sonja (2004) “How Multilevel Structures Affect Environmental Policy in Industrialized Countries.” European Journal of Political Research. Volume 2004, pp. 599-634

Watts, Ronald (2008) Comparing Federal Systems. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press

Weiher, Gregory R. (1991) The Fractured Metropolis: Political Fragmentation and Metropolitan Segregation. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press

Weiler, C.J. (1970) “Metropolitan Federation Reconsidered.” Urban Affairs Quarterly. Volume 6 (June)

Westley, Frances (1995) “Governing Design: The Management of Social Systems and Ecosystems Management.” In Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. Lance H. Gunderson, C.S. Holling, and Stephen S. Light, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 391-427

Wiewil, W. and A. Hunter (1985) “The Interorganizational Network as a Resource: A Comparative Case Study on Organizational Genesis.” Administrative Science Quarterly. Volume 30, pp. 482-496

Williamson, Oliver E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York, NY: The Free Press

Williamson, Oliver E. (1996) The Mechanisms of Governance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Wilson, David S., Elinor Ostrom, and Michael Cox (2012) “Generalizing the Core Design Principles for the Efficacy of Groups.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.010

Wilson, J.A., J.M. Acheson, M. Metcalfe, and P. Kleban (1994) “Chaos, Complexity and Communal Management of Fisheries.” Marine Policy. Volume 18, pp. 291-305

Wilson, James, Bobbi Low, Robert Costanza, and Elinor Ostrom (1999) “Scale Misperceptions and the Spatial Dynamics of a Social-Ecological System.” Ecological Economics. Volume 31, Number 2 (November), pp. 243-257

Young, Oran (1994) “The Problem of Scale in Human/Environment Relationships.” Journal of Theoretical Politics. Volume 6, pp. 429-447

Young, Oran R. (1995) “The Problem of Scale in Human/Environment Relationships.” In Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Cooperation in Two Domains. Robert O. Keohane and Elinor Ostrom, eds. London, UK: Sage Publications, pp. 27-45

Young, Oran R. (2002) The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change: Fit, Interplay, and Scale. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Young, Oran R. (2010) “Institutional Dynamics: Resilience, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Environmental and Resource Regimes.” Global Environmental Change. Volume 20, Number 3, pp. 378-385